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DatoValore
TitleDithiocarbamates: Properties, Methodological Approaches and Challenges to Their Control
AbstractDithiocarbamates (DTCs) are a group of chemicals used primarily as fungicides, although they are exploited for various other applications. DTCs represent one of the oldest classes of broadspectrum fungicides employed worldwide to control fungal diseases on many crops. Due to their ease of synthesis, low production costs (cheap and readily available starting materials) and a fungicidal activity with a multi-site mode of action, they are still among modern agriculture's most extensively used pesticides. Although the environmental degradation in air, water, and soil is relatively rapid due to photolysis and/or hydrolysis, they are among the most frequently detected pesticides in the European Union (EU), also with a high frequency of maximum residue level (MRL) exceedances. The current review aims to comprehensively survey all aspects of DTCs, including the environmental fate, toxicity and analytical methods for determining parental compounds and degradation products in environmental and food samples. Furthermore, the accumulation of carbamate and dithiocarbamate pesticides in vegetables, fruits, bioindicator organisms and human biological samples, as well as their health effects on humans, are also considered in this study.
SourceToxics 11
Keywordsplant protection productspesticidescarbamatesbiomonitoringagricultureethylene thioureapropylene thioureagreen dealtoxicitysustainability
JournalToxics
EditorMDPI, Basel, Svizzera
Year2023
TypeArticolo in rivista
DOI10.3390/toxics11100851
AuthorsClaudia Campanale; Mariangela Triozzi; Annamaria Ragonese; Daniela Losacco; Carmine Massarelli
Text487912 2023 10.3390/toxics11100851 plant protection products pesticides carbamates biomonitoring agriculture ethylene thiourea propylene thiourea green deal toxicity sustainability Dithiocarbamates Properties, Methodological Approaches and Challenges to Their Control Claudia Campanale; Mariangela Triozzi; Annamaria Ragonese; Daniela Losacco; Carmine Massarelli CNR IRSA Dithiocarbamates DTCs are a group of chemicals used primarily as fungicides, although they are exploited for various other applications. DTCs represent one of the oldest classes of broadspectrum fungicides employed worldwide to control fungal diseases on many crops. Due to their ease of synthesis, low production costs cheap and readily available starting materials and a fungicidal activity with a multi site mode of action, they are still among modern agriculture s most extensively used pesticides. Although the environmental degradation in air, water, and soil is relatively rapid due to photolysis and/or hydrolysis, they are among the most frequently detected pesticides in the European Union EU , also with a high frequency of maximum residue level MRL exceedances. The current review aims to comprehensively survey all aspects of DTCs, including the environmental fate, toxicity and analytical methods for determining parental compounds and degradation products in environmental and food samples. Furthermore, the accumulation of carbamate and dithiocarbamate pesticides in vegetables, fruits, bioindicator organisms and human biological samples, as well as their health effects on humans, are also considered in this study. 11 Published version Toxics_2023 toxics Campanale et al2023.pdf Articolo in rivista MDPI 2305 6304 Toxics Toxics Toxics claudiacampanale CAMPANALE CLAUDIA danielalosacco LOSACCO DANIELA mariangelatriozzi TRIOZZI MARIANGELA RAGONESE ANNAMARIA carmine.massarelli MASSARELLI CARMINE