| Title | Antibiotic resistance genes correlate with metal resistances and accumulate in the deep water layers of the Black Sea |
| Abstract | Seas and oceans are a global reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Only a few studies investigated the dynamics of ARGs along the water column of the Black Sea, a unique environment, with a peculiar geology, biology and history of anthropogenic pollution. In this study, we analyzed metagenomic data from two sampling campaigns (2013 and 2019) collected across three different sites in the Western Black Sea at depths ranging from 5 to 2000 m. The data were processed to annotate ARGs, metal resistance genes (MRGs) and integron integrase genes. The ARG abundance was significantly higher in the deep water layers and depth was the main driver of beta-diversity both for ARGs and MRGs. Moreover, ARG and MRG abundances strongly correlated (r = 0.95). The integron integrase gene abundances and composition were not influenced by the water depth and did not correlate with ARGs. The analysis of the obtained MAGs showed that some of them harbored intI gene together with several ARGs and MRGs, suggesting the presence of multidrug resistant bacteria and that MRGs and integrons could be involved in the selection of ARGs. These results demonstrate that the Black Sea is not only an important reservoir of ARGs, but also that they accumulate in the deep water layers where co-selection with MRGs could be assumed as a relevant mechanism of their persistence. |
| Source | Environmental pollution (1987) 312 |
| Keywords | Antimicrobial resistanceMetal resistanceIntegronsMetagenomicsBlack SeaMetagenome-assembled genomes |
| Journal | Environmental pollution (1987) |
| Editor | Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, Barking, Regno Unito |
| Year | 2022 |
| Type | Articolo in rivista |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120033 |
| Authors | Sabatino, Raffaella; Cabello-Yeves, Pedro J.; Eckert, Ester M.; Corno, Gianluca; Callieri, Cristiana; Brambilla, Diego; Dzhembekova, Nina; Moncheva, Snejana; Di Cesare, Andrea |
| Text | 477468 2022 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120033 ISI Web of Science WOS 000864074000009 Antimicrobial resistance Metal resistance Integrons Metagenomics Black Sea Metagenome assembled genomes Antibiotic resistance genes correlate with metal resistances and accumulate in the deep water layers of the Black Sea Sabatino, Raffaella; Cabello Yeves, Pedro J.; Eckert, Ester M.; Corno, Gianluca; Callieri, Cristiana; Brambilla, Diego; Dzhembekova, Nina; Moncheva, Snejana; Di Cesare, Andrea Natl Res Council Italy CNR IRSA; Univ Miguel; Bulgarian Acad Sci Seas and oceans are a global reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes ARGs . Only a few studies investigated the dynamics of ARGs along the water column of the Black Sea, a unique environment, with a peculiar geology, biology and history of anthropogenic pollution. In this study, we analyzed metagenomic data from two sampling campaigns 2013 and 2019 collected across three different sites in the Western Black Sea at depths ranging from 5 to 2000 m. The data were processed to annotate ARGs, metal resistance genes MRGs and integron integrase genes. The ARG abundance was significantly higher in the deep water layers and depth was the main driver of beta diversity both for ARGs and MRGs. Moreover, ARG and MRG abundances strongly correlated r = 0.95 . The integron integrase gene abundances and composition were not influenced by the water depth and did not correlate with ARGs. The analysis of the obtained MAGs showed that some of them harbored intI gene together with several ARGs and MRGs, suggesting the presence of multidrug resistant bacteria and that MRGs and integrons could be involved in the selection of ARGs. These results demonstrate that the Black Sea is not only an important reservoir of ARGs, but also that they accumulate in the deep water layers where co selection with MRGs could be assumed as a relevant mechanism of their persistence. 312 Published version Articolo in rivista Elsevier Applied Science Publishers 0269 7491 Environmental pollution 1987 Environmental pollution 1987 Environ. pollut. 1987 Environmental pollution 1987 cristiana.callieri CALLIERI CRISTIANA SABATINO RAFFAELLA BRAMBILLA DIEGO gianluca.corno CORNO GIANLUCA andrea.dicesare DI CESARE ANDREA estermaria.eckert ECKERT ESTER MARIA |
