| Abstract | The first Italian annual monitoring study was carried out in Northern Italy to analyse the fate and removal of polycyclic musk fragrances (PMFs) in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with conventional activated sludge (CAS) system. Water was sampled in four different stations along wastewater treatments to better understand the behaviour of PMFs along different steps of the plant. Galaxolide (HHCB) and galaxolidone (HHCB-lactone) were found in concentrations at ?g L level, 1 order of magnitude greater than tonalide (AHTN), whilst phantolide (AHDI) was never detected and celestolide (ADBI) was measured only at trace levels. Considering water concentrations, HHCB and AHTN evidenced a slight reduction, 20% and 50%, respectively, during wastewater treatments, thus resulting in a modest removal efficiency, mainly due to adsorption processes during the biological treatment. This was also confirmed by the high PMF concentrations measured in activated sludges which remained stable throughout the year. On the contrary, HHCB-lactone registered an increase up to 70% during wastewater treatments caused by the biotransformation of the parental compound HHCB during the biological treatment, as shown by the different HHCB-lactone/HHCB ratio measured before and after this step. No significant differences were recorded between seasons in terms of PMF input onto WWTP, in accordance with the common use of these chemicals in civil houses. Overall, this study suggests that current technologies employed in conventional WWTP are not enough efficient in removing these organic micropollutants from wastewaters and, therefore, WWTP effluents represent possible point sources of pollution for aquatic ecosystems. Additional treatments are necessary to enhance the removal of PMFs in order to increase the quality of the WWTP effluents. |
| Text | 453433 2021 10.1007/s11356 021 13433 4 Scopus 2 s2.0 85102725396 Personal care products Emerging pollutants Secondary treatment Compounds behaviour Galaxolide biotransformation Removal efficiency Polycyclic musk fragrance PMF removal, adsorption and biodegradation in a conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant in Northern Italy Tasselli S.; Valenti E.; Guzzella L. National Research Council Water Research Institute CNR IRSA , S.S. Brugherio via del Mulino 19, Brugherio, MB, 20861, National Research Council Water Research Institute CNR IRSA , S.S. Brugherio via del Mulino 19, 20861, Brugherio, MB, Italy, , Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano, 20126, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy, , Italy The first Italian annual monitoring study was carried out in Northern Italy to analyse the fate and removal of polycyclic musk fragrances PMFs in a wastewater treatment plant WWTP with conventional activated sludge CAS system. Water was sampled in four different stations along wastewater treatments to better understand the behaviour of PMFs along different steps of the plant. Galaxolide HHCB and galaxolidone HHCB lactone were found in concentrations at g L level, 1 order of magnitude greater than tonalide AHTN , whilst phantolide AHDI was never detected and celestolide ADBI was measured only at trace levels. Considering water concentrations, HHCB and AHTN evidenced a slight reduction, 20% and 50%, respectively, during wastewater treatments, thus resulting in a modest removal efficiency, mainly due to adsorption processes during the biological treatment. This was also confirmed by the high PMF concentrations measured in activated sludges which remained stable throughout the year. On the contrary, HHCB lactone registered an increase up to 70% during wastewater treatments caused by the biotransformation of the parental compound HHCB during the biological treatment, as shown by the different HHCB lactone/HHCB ratio measured before and after this step. No significant differences were recorded between seasons in terms of PMF input onto WWTP, in accordance with the common use of these chemicals in civil houses. Overall, this study suggests that current technologies employed in conventional WWTP are not enough efficient in removing these organic micropollutants from wastewaters and, therefore, WWTP effluents represent possible point sources of pollution for aquatic ecosystems. Additional treatments are necessary to enhance the removal of PMFs in order to increase the quality of the WWTP effluents. Published version http //www.scopus.com/record/display.url eid=2 s2.0 85102725396 origin=inward Articolo Tasselli2021_Article_PolycyclicMuskFragrancePMFRemo.pdf Articolo in rivista Springer 0944 1344 Environmental science and pollution research international Environmental science and pollution research international Environ. sci. pollut. res. int. Environmental science and pollution research international. Environmental science and pollution research international Print Environmental science and pollution research Print ESPR Print stefanotasselli TASSELLI STEFANO VALENTI ERICA liciamaria.guzzella GUZZELLA LICIA MARIA DTA.AD002.405.001 Perform Water 2030 |
