| Title | Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview |
| Abstract | Chromium is a potentially toxic metal occurring in water and groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. Microbial interaction with mafic and ultramafic rocks together with geogenic processes release Cr (VI) in natural environment by chromite oxidation. Moreover, Cr (VI) pollution is largely related to several Cr (VI) industrial applications in the field of energy production, manufacturing of metals and chemicals, and subsequent waste and wastewater management. Chromium discharge in European Union (EU) waters is subjected to nationwide recommendations, which vary depending on the type of industry and receiving water body. Once in water, chromium mainly occurs in two oxidation states Cr (III) and Cr (VI) and related ion forms depending on pH values, redox potential, and presence of natural reducing agents. Public concerns with chromium are primarily related to hexavalent compounds owing to their toxic effects on humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Risks for human health range from skin irritation to DNA damages and cancer development, depending on dose, exposure level, and duration. Remediation strategies commonly used for Cr (VI) removal include physico-chemical and biological methods. This work critically presents their advantages and disadvantages, suggesting a site-specific and accurate evaluation for choosing the best available recovering technology. |
| Source | International journal of environmental research and public health (Online) 17 (15) |
| Keywords | chromiumpollutionhealth riskremediation |
| Journal | International journal of environmental research and public health (Online) |
| Editor | MDPI,, Basel, |
| Year | 2020 |
| Type | Articolo in rivista |
| DOI | 10.3390/ijerph17155438 |
| Authors | Tumolo, Marina; Ancona, Valeria; De Paola, Domenico; Losacco, Daniela; Campanale, Claudia; Massarelli, Carmine; Uricchio, Vito Felice |
| Text | 430120 2020 10.3390/ijerph17155438 ISI Web of Science WOS 000559039100001 chromium pollution health risk remediation Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies An Overview Tumolo, Marina; Ancona, Valeria; De Paola, Domenico; Losacco, Daniela; Campanale, Claudia; Massarelli, Carmine; Uricchio, Vito Felice Inst Italian Natl Res Council IRSA CNR; Univ Bari; Italian Natl Res Council IBBR CNR Chromium is a potentially toxic metal occurring in water and groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. Microbial interaction with mafic and ultramafic rocks together with geogenic processes release Cr VI in natural environment by chromite oxidation. Moreover, Cr VI pollution is largely related to several Cr VI industrial applications in the field of energy production, manufacturing of metals and chemicals, and subsequent waste and wastewater management. Chromium discharge in European Union EU waters is subjected to nationwide recommendations, which vary depending on the type of industry and receiving water body. Once in water, chromium mainly occurs in two oxidation states Cr III and Cr VI and related ion forms depending on pH values, redox potential, and presence of natural reducing agents. Public concerns with chromium are primarily related to hexavalent compounds owing to their toxic effects on humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Risks for human health range from skin irritation to DNA damages and cancer development, depending on dose, exposure level, and duration. Remediation strategies commonly used for Cr VI removal include physico chemical and biological methods. This work critically presents their advantages and disadvantages, suggesting a site specific and accurate evaluation for choosing the best available recovering technology. 17 Published version Articolo in rivista MDPI, 1660 4601 International journal of environmental research and public health Online International journal of environmental research and public health Online Int. j. environ. res. public health Online International journal of environmental research and public health. Online claudiacampanale CAMPANALE CLAUDIA marinatumolo TUMOLO MARINA danielalosacco LOSACCO DANIELA vitofelice.uricchio URICCHIO VITO FELICE valeria.ancona ANCONA VALERIA domenico.depaola DE PAOLA DOMENICO carmine.massarelli MASSARELLI CARMINE |
