| Text | 389274 2018 10.1007/978 3 319 76768 0_13 Echinoidea Asteroidea Holothuroidea Ophiuroidea Crinoidea Sea Sea urchin Diseases Genomics Proteomics Coelomocytes Larval immune cells Immune responses Senescence Immuno toxicology Echinodermata The Complex Immune System in Echinoderms Smith LC; V Arizza; MA Barela Hudgell; G Barone; AG Bodnar; KM Buckley; V Cunsolo; N Dheilly; N Franchi; SD Fugmann; R Furukawa; J Garcia Arraras; JH Henson; T Hibino; ZH Irons; C Li; CM Lun; AJ Majeske; M Oren; P Pagliara; A Pinsino; DA Raftos; JP Rast; B Samasa; D Schillaci; CS Schrankel; L Stabili; K Stensvag; E Sutton 1Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA 2Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies STEBICEF , University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy 3Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George s Island, Bermuda 4Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Italy 5School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA 6Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy 5Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao Yuan City, Taiwan 8Department of Biology, Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan 9Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 10Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, USA 11Faculty of Education, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan 12Marbio, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Forskningsparken, N 9037 Tromsø, Norway 13Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 14Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy 15Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare A. Monroy , Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy 16Department of Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia 17Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 18Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 19National Research Council, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Taranto, Italy 20Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N 9037 Tromsø, Norway The Echinodermata is an ancient phylum of benthic marine invertebrates with a dispersal stage planktonic larva. These animals have innate immune systems as characterized by clearance of foreign particles including microbes from the body cavity of both larvae and adults, and allograft tissue rejection in adults. Immune responsiveness is mediated by a variety of adult coelomocytes and larval mesenchyme cells. Echinoderm diseases from a range of pathogens can lead to mass die offs and impact aquaculture, but from which some individuals can recover. Genome sequences of several echinoderms have identified genes with immune function including expanded families of Toll like receptors, NOD like receptors, scavenger receptors with cysteine rich domains, plus signaling pathways, and cytokines. The set of transcription factors that regulate proliferation and differentiation of the cellular immune system are conserved and indicate the ancestral origins of hematopoiesis. Both larval and adult echinoderms are in constant contact with potential pathogens in sea waterseawater and they respond to infection by phagocytosis and encapsulation and employ proteins that function in immune detection and response. Anti pathogen responses include activation of the SpTransformer genes, a complement system, and the production of many types of antimicrobial peptides. Echinoderms have homologues of the recombinase activating genes plus all associated genes that function in vertebrates for immunoglobulin gene family rearrangement, although their gene targets are unknown. The echinoderm immune system has been characterized as unexpectedly complex, robust, and flexible. Many echinoderms have very long life spans that correlate with an excellent capacity for cell damage repair. In many marine ecosystems, echinoderms are keystone predators and herbivores and therefore are species that can serve as optimal sentinels of environmental health. Coelomocytes can be employed in sensor systems to test for the presence of marine pollutants. When Elie Metchnikoff inserted a rose prickle into a larval sea star and observed chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and encapsulation by the mesenchyme cells, not only did he initiate the field of immunology, but also that of comparative immunology in which the echinoderms have been an important part. 978 3 319 76767 3 Preprint https //www.springer.com/la/book/9783319767673 Capitolo Echinodermata The Complex Immune System in Echinoderms. Chapter 13 In Advances in Comparative Immunology , EL Cooper, ed. Springer Publisher 395407_1_En_13_Chapter_Author.pdf Contributo in volume loredana.stabili STABILI LOREDANA annalisa.pinsino PINSINO ANNALISA DSB.AD001.066.002 Probing safety of nano objects by defining immune responses of environmental organisms IBIM |
